为什么印度经济增长慢于中国?
yizhe
作者: Alok Sheel
India was, till
recently, the second-fastest growing major economy after China. Following the
sustained slowdown in the global economy since the financial crisis of 2007,
growth has fallen across the board, including in China and India (see
accompanying table).
近年来,印度是世界上增速第二的主要经济体,仅次于中国。继2007年金融危机爆发以来,随着全球经济持续放缓,中国和印度的经济增长已经全面下降,(见下表)
。
It was expected that
China would be more affected, given its dependence on export markets for growth.
For the same reason, it was expected that India, a more domestically driven
economy, would be less affected — in 2009, goods and services exports comprised
40% ofGDP in China, against 20% in India.
考虑到它的增长依赖于出口市场 ,预计,中国受到的影响将更大。同样的原因,作为一个更多由国内驱动的经济体-印度,预计将受到更少的影响,2009年,商品和服务出口占中国国内生产总值GDP的40%,而印度是20%。
Although, in 2010, it
may have seemed that this was indeed the case, in retrospect, the reverse seems
to have happened, i.e, India has slowed more than China. As a result, Indonesia,
which like India, is a moredomestically-driven economy — goods and services
exports at 24% of GDP in 2009 — has now replaced India as the second-fastest
growing major economy. We need to understand why this is the case so that
corrective steps can be taken.
虽然,在2010年,它可能看起来确实是这样的,可是回顾过去,似乎已经发生了相反的事情 ,即印度减速超过中国。结果,印度尼西亚,和印度很像,是一个更加国内导向型的经济
- 在2009年 ,商品和服务出口占GDP的24% -
现在已经取代印度成为世界增长第二快的主要经济体。我们需要理解为什么会是这样的情况,以便采取纠正措施。
While China
experienced a huge external shock through the trading channel on account of the
sharp decline in growth in its export markets in western countries, the impact
on growth was not commensurate on account of its huge investment-oriented
stimulus package. India too had a timely 'fiscal stimulus' — mostly by default
than design — although not as large as that of China.
由于在对西方国家的出口市场中增长急剧下降 ,尽管通过交易渠道中国经历了巨大的外部冲击, 但考虑其巨大的以投资为导向的经济刺激计划,对增长的影响与实际上应该发生的是不相称的。印度也有一个及时的财政刺激措施
- 多半只有计划而没有实施 - 尽管不如中国那么大。
While the final
budgetary stimulus in 2008-09 was almost identical in both countries at about 3%
of GDP, the actual Chinese stimulus through budgetary and banking channels may
have been in the region of 4 trillion yuan, or about 14% of GDP. However, since
private investment and consumption demand held up reasonably well in India, its
recovery matched that of China.
虽然在2008-09年度最终的预算刺激两个国家几乎相同,都占GDP的3%左右,但中国的实际刺激,通过预算和银行渠道在该地区可能已经达到40000亿元,或占国内生产总值的14%左右
。然而,在印度,由于私人投资和消费需求保持地相当不错,它的复苏与中国不相上下。
The post-crisis
global economy can be divided into two stages, separated by the 'Indian
Summer' of 2010, the apparent strong recovery that soon yielded to frost and
snow as global growth dipped sharply again in western economies in 2011, and
further still in 2012. This has had a knockdown effect on both China and India.
This time round, however, India has been more severely impacted.
后危机时代的全球经济可以分为两个阶段,
以2010年的“小阳春”为界,之前表面上强劲复苏,但很快让步于霜冻和降雪,因为2011年西方经济体的全球经济增长再次急剧下降 ,并进一步持续到了2012年。对中国和印度已经产生了致命一击。然而,这一次,印度受到的影响更严重。
Declining confidence
arising out of lower growth has also acted to drag it down even more sharply
through hysteresis. It is necessary to keep the following three factors in mind
while trying to understand the sharper fall in Indian growth relative to
China.
低增长引起的信心下降已经在行动上拖累了它,迟滞幅度更大。相对于中国,理解印度更急剧的下降有必要注意以下三个因素
First, productivity
may have been seriously impaired during the crisis, that is reflected in a
widening current account deficit, as Indian firms become less competitive. There
are four reasons to believe why this is the case. First, unlike China, the
Indian stimulus was consumption rather than investment led. Second, whatever its
social benefits, the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme may have had a
negative impact on productivity through rising wages without a commensurate
increase in output, and also shifted jobs from more productive areas to less
productive, especially because of restrictions on capital expenditure in the
programme. Third, competitive gains deriving from a falling rupee have been
countervailed by rising commodity prices.
首先,在金融危机期间生产力可能已经严重受损,反映在日益扩大的经常账户赤字,因为印度公司变得更没竞争力。 有四个理由相信情况为什么是这样的。首先,与中国不同的是,印度的刺激是消费而不是投资。其次,无论其社会效益,在产出没有等量增加的情况下上调工资, "全国农村就业保障计划"可能会对生产力造成负面影响,特别是由于程序中资本开支的限制 ,工作从生产力较高的领域转移到生产力较低的。第三,来自卢比下跌所获得的竞争力已被上涨的商品价格所抵销。
印度对POL进口的依赖 ,长期以来是它致命的弱点,特别是1991年国际收支危机的触发。第四,相对于其他新兴市场,持续的高通胀,可能导致失去竞争力。这样的通货膨胀主要以商品为主导,并在很大程度上被解释为提高管理POL价格的需要和对价格上升的供给反应迟缓导致的农业结构僵化。相应的供给冲击创造了一个低增长,高通胀的滞胀环境。
其次,和中国比起来,印度的启动财政空间更少,并且在全球金融危机的第一阶段,它自身已经被消耗地差不多了。现在发现已经没有财政空间来抵消私人需求的下降。相反地,中国有足够的"财政弹药"库存,并且已开始使用。当然,在外部需求永久下降的环境中,投资拉动型增长战略的长期可持续发展如果缺乏内部需求的再平衡,也是无实际意义的
第三,印度货币政策的争论是在转移注意力,如果CPI(消费者物价指数)被考虑进去,其实际利率是负的,。事实上,在没有投资刺激的情况下,负的实际利率可能会对银行存款及金融储蓄产生不利的影响。因此,通货膨胀就像税收,侵蚀实际收入和今后的消费需求。根本原因是,作为一种刺激私人需求的工具,在通胀环境下,货币政策就像发达经济体普遍存在的流动性陷阱被削弱。
印度目前正试图改变财政政策组合,降低消耗,增加公共投资,也试图在加快体制改革,以刺激私人投资上建立共识。但是,财政政策的积极运用没有财政空间,,并且进行重大改革的政治气候仍然不确定和不稳定。另外,没有拟纠正严格的农业政策和市场僵化的主要步骤,以提升价格的反应能力和流入该行业的资本以提高生产力。
顺便说一句,这是90年代初以来的自由化和开放这个重大改革中印度经济中唯一没有受到影响的行业,可能会成为印度经济的第二个致命的弱点。
(作者为公务员,系个人观点)
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